CGRP Migraine Drugs: Independent Evidence, Safety & Cost

Table of contents

• Evidence summary
• What the CGRP drugs are
• How they work
• What they are prescribed for
• What works and what does not
• Benefits by claim
• Risks and all side effects
• All interactions
• Who should avoid or be cautious
• Dosage and how to take them
• Follow the money: who makes them and who funded the evidence
• Related research
• Frequently asked questions
• Sources and funding notes

Evidence summary

Independent evidence and credibility scorecard

Independence tiers: 1 = regulator or government body; 2 = academic or publicly funded team with no declared commercial funding for the work; 3 = independent authors analysing mostly manufacturer-run trials, or with declared industry ties; 4 = manufacturer-funded or manufacturer-authored. Credibility runs from A (highest) to D. Sources cluster in the UK, the US and Italy, and the trials they pool come mainly from US and European sites, so the verdict reflects the Western regulatory and clinical lens.

What the CGRP drugs are

CGRP stands for calcitonin gene-related peptide, a signalling molecule in the nerves and blood vessels involved in migraine. Two drug families block it.

• Monoclonal antibodies (injected or infused, preventive only):
  • Erenumab (Aimovig) blocks the CGRP receptor. The US sponsor is Amgen (Drugs@FDA). In the EU the marketing authorisation holder is Novartis Europharm, and the product was authorised on 26 July 2018 (EMA).
  • Fremanezumab (Ajovy) binds the CGRP ligand. Its US labeller is Teva Pharmaceuticals USA (Ajovy label).
  • Galcanezumab (Emgality) binds the ligand. Its US labeller is Eli Lilly (Emgality label).
  • Eptinezumab (Vyepti) binds the ligand and is given by intravenous infusion. The US label names Lundbeck Seattle BioPharmaceuticals as manufacturer (Vyepti label).
• Gepants (oral small molecules, receptor blockers):
  • Rimegepant (Nurtec ODT) is approved in the US both for acute treatment and for preventing episodic migraine. The current label lists Pfizer Laboratories as packager (Nurtec ODT label).
  • Atogepant (Qulipta) is a once-daily preventive from AbbVie (Qulipta label).

Legal status differs by country. In the US all six are prescription-only. In the EU, the Aimovig authorisation covers adults with at least 4 migraine days a month (EMA). In England, access is set by NICE health-technology appraisal. NICE recommends each of the four antibodies for preventing migraine in adults only if they have at least 4 migraine days a month and at least 3 preventive medicines have not worked, are not tolerated or are unsuitable, with a company discount (a commercial arrangement) and a stop rule after 12 weeks if monthly migraine frequency has not fallen by at least 50% (episodic) or 30% (chronic): erenumab, TA682, March 2021 (140 mg dose only); galcanezumab, TA659, November 2020; fremanezumab, TA764, February 2022; eptinezumab, TA871, March 2023. Rimegepant is recommended for preventing episodic migraine (4 to 14 attacks a month) after at least 3 preventives have failed (TA906, July 2023) and for acute treatment after at least 2 triptans have failed or are contraindicated (TA919, October 2023). Atogepant is recommended for prevention on the same 3-preventive condition, using the least expensive suitable option (TA973, May 2024). The BMJ also reported the 2023 rimegepant recommendation (BMJ news, 2023). NICE guidance applies to England; we did not check Scotland, Wales or Northern Ireland. Those thresholds are pre-set by NICE and the NHS price is confidential, so the NIHR review's value findings sit alongside, not against, NICE's conditional recommendations (Mistry 2023). Check each appraisal on NICE's website for the exact criteria.

How they work

CGRP is a vasodilator and pain-signalling peptide. Blocking it, or its receptor, reduces migraine frequency in humans in the trials above, which is the best evidence for the mechanism. The same properties explain the safety signals regulators now describe. The EU product information says inhibiting CGRP "could theoretically" weaken the compensatory widening of blood vessels in ischaemic conditions, and describes a study in 140 mg erenumab-treated patients with stable angina that found no worsening of exercise-induced ischaemia (EMA product information). That is a single short exposure in a small study, not a long-term vascular safety trial.

The antibodies have long half-lives and are dosed monthly or quarterly. The gepants are small molecules taken by mouth, with different drug-interaction behaviour (see below). We did not find independent human evidence that any one CGRP drug is mechanistically "safer" for blood vessels than another. Pharmacovigilance analyses suggest differences (for example, rare cerebrovascular reports clustered with some antibodies but not gepants), but these are signals, not proof (Giacon 2026).

What they are prescribed for

• Preventing migraine in adults: all four antibodies and atogepant are indicated for this. Aimovig is indicated for preventive treatment of migraine in adults (Aimovig label). Ajovy is also approved for episodic migraine in children aged 6 to 17 who weigh at least 45 kg (Ajovy label).
• Episodic cluster headache: Emgality only (Emgality label).
• Acute treatment of a migraine attack: rimegepant in the US. The label also covers preventive use every other day (Nurtec ODT label).

We could not open UK or US guideline text this session, so we do not assert where these drugs sit in the line of therapy.

What works and what does not

Benefits by claim

Do they reduce migraine days?

Yes, on average, by a small to moderate amount. In the first erenumab episodic-migraine trial, 955 people were randomised. Migraine days fell by 3.2 (70 mg) and 3.7 (140 mg) a month, against 1.8 on placebo. At least half of people halved their migraine days in 43.3% (70 mg) and 50.0% (140 mg) versus 26.6% on placebo. The trial was funded by Amgen and Novartis, and Amgen staff were among the authors (STRIVE, Goadsby 2017). In the Lilly-funded EVOLVE-1 trial (858 treated people), galcanezumab cut monthly migraine days by 4.7 days (120 mg) against 2.8 on placebo (EVOLVE-1; funder confirmed in the full text). In the Teva-funded HALO CM trial (1,130 people with chronic migraine), headache days fell by 4.3 (quarterly) or 4.6 (monthly) against 2.5 on placebo (Silberstein 2017). In the PROMISE-2 chronic-migraine trial of eptinezumab, a maker-run trial, migraine days fell by 7.7 (100 mg) and 8.2 (300 mg) against 5.6 on placebo (Lipton 2020). The placebo-subtracted gain is the figure that matters: about 1.4 to 2.1 days in these examples.

How much of the benefit is placebo?

A large share. Forbes et al. found that placebo-group improvement was about 66% (episodic) to 68% (chronic) of the improvement in the antibody groups (Forbes 2020). That does not make the drugs useless: it means a person's improvement on treatment is often not caused by the drug alone. Contextual effects are real clinical benefits, but they are not what you pay for.

Are they better than older preventives?

The best direct comparison is one maker-run trial against topiramate (HER-MES), in which erenumab was better tolerated and gave a higher 50%-responder rate (Reuter 2022). In chronic migraine, the NIHR review's network meta-analysis found the antibodies reduced headache or migraine days by 2.0 to 2.5 a month, Botox by just under 2 and topiramate by 1.1 to 1.5 (Mistry 2024). It found no placebo-controlled trials of amitriptyline or propranolol large enough to include, so those widely used drugs could not be compared. See our review of amitriptyline for the evidence on that older option.

Do the gepants prevent migraine?

Yes, with smaller average effects in the general trial populations. In ADVANCE, atogepant 60 mg reduced migraine days by 1.7 more than placebo (95% CI 1.2 to 2.3) over 12 weeks in 873 analysed adults; the most common side effects were constipation (6.9 to 7.7%) and nausea (4.4 to 6.1%). The trial was funded by Allergan (Ailani 2021). Rimegepant every other day gained 0.8 days (Croop 2021, funded by Biohaven).

Do they help cluster headache?

Only galcanezumab holds a US indication, for episodic cluster headache, at a different dose (Emgality label). We did not review the cluster headache trials in depth.

Do they work in children?

Fremanezumab has a US paediatric indication for episodic migraine from age 6 at 45 kg or more (Ajovy label). The Aimovig label states safety and effectiveness in children have not been established (Aimovig label). We did not review the paediatric trial itself.

Risks and all side effects

Blood pressure: what independent data show

Trials did not signal a problem. Amgen's pooled analysis found hypertension events in 0.9% on placebo and 0.8% and 0.2% on erenumab 70 mg and 140 mg, but after launch it recorded 362 hypertension reports (26.2% serious) over more than 245,000 patient-years (Dodick 2021, Amgen-funded per its full text). The independent Leiden cohort (109 on erenumab, 87 on fremanezumab) measured actual readings and found rises of up to 5.2 mm Hg systolic and 3.5 mm Hg diastolic, with the erenumab group clearer than fremanezumab (de Vries Lentsch 2022). A European pharmacovigilance study found a higher reporting rate of hypertension with erenumab (reporting odds ratio 1.45, 95% CI 1.14 to 1.85) and noted that this reaction was not in the product information at the time of the analysis (Sorbara 2024). Our own check of the English-language EU Aimovig document, updated 1 December 2025 according to the EMA page, found no hypertension or Raynaud's warning. US labels have it. Practical meaning: in a person with already-high or borderline pressure, check it before and after starting. See our guides on home blood pressure monitoring and hypertension.

Raynaud's phenomenon

A WHO VigiBase analysis found 99 reports of Raynaud's phenomenon with CGRP drugs, 56 of them (56.6%) for erenumab. The median time to onset was 84 days, there were no deaths and one case of gangrene and extremity necrosis. The disproportionality was significant against all drugs (IC 3.3, 95% CI 3.0 to 3.5) and against triptans (IC 0.4, 0.1 to 0.6) and beta-blockers (IC 0.5, 0.2 to 0.7), two other migraine drug groups (Gérard 2022). Spontaneous reports cannot give a true rate, and the authors note possible over-reporting. A 2026 systematic review of 30 pharmacovigilance studies also found Raynaud's signals for both antibodies and gepants (Giacon 2026). People with existing Raynaud's should discuss this with their prescriber; see our Raynaud phenomenon guide.

Constipation

In the Aimovig trials constipation was 1% on 70 mg and 3% on 140 mg versus 1% on placebo in the first three months (Aimovig label); the EU document gives 1.3% and 3.2% (EMA). Real-world reporting is higher: reporting odds ratios for erenumab constipation ranged from 4.92 to 17.94 across studies, and atogepant showed a very specific signal for severe constipation (Giacon 2026). In ELEVATE, constipation affected 10% on atogepant versus 3% on placebo (Tassorelli 2024). See chronic constipation for general management evidence.

Other side effects

• Injection-site reactions were 6% (70 mg) and 5% (140 mg) versus 3% on Aimovig (Aimovig label), 43% to 45% versus 38% on Ajovy (Ajovy label) and 18% versus 13% on Emgality (Emgality label).
• Muscle spasms and itching (EU text: 0.1% to 2.0% and 0.7% to 1.8%) and hair loss and oral sores (frequency not known) are listed for erenumab (EMA).
• Eptinezumab: nasopharyngitis 6% (100 mg), 8% (300 mg) versus 6% placebo; hypersensitivity 1% to 2% versus 0% (Vyepti label).
• Gepants: atogepant caused nausea (3% placebo, up to 9% on 60 mg), constipation (2%, up to 8%) and weight decrease of 7% or more in 5.3% on 60 mg versus 2.5% on placebo (Qulipta label). Preventive rimegepant caused nausea in 2.7% versus 0.8% and abdominal pain or dyspepsia in 2.4% versus 0.8% (Nurtec ODT label).
• Immunogenicity: anti-drug antibodies developed in 6.2% on erenumab 70 mg and 2.6% on 140 mg; the label says the data are too limited to show an effect on efficacy or safety (Aimovig label).

Rare cerebrovascular and cardiac reports

The 2026 pharmacovigilance review found signals for reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome with erenumab (reporting odds ratio 9.43, 95% CI 4.5 to 19.8) and cervical artery dissection with galcanezumab (14.0, 6.22 to 31.4), and a class-level cerebrovascular signal (1.22, 1.12 to 1.33). No such signals were detected for gepants so far, but the authors stress that confirmation is needed (Giacon 2026). A European database study found higher reporting of atrial fibrillation and heart attack with galcanezumab and of palpitations and deep vein thrombosis with fremanezumab, and cautioned that these were not in product information (Sorbara 2024). These are hypotheses for further study, not proven effects. In randomised trials, serious adverse events did not differ significantly between active drugs and placebo (Messina 2023).

All interactions

• Antibodies: no effect on other drugs' exposure is expected from their metabolism. No interaction with an oral contraceptive or sumatriptan was seen in healthy-volunteer studies of erenumab (EMA product information).
• Drugs that slow the gut (for example opioids and anticholinergics) may increase constipation risk with erenumab (Aimovig label).
• Rimegepant: avoid strong CYP3A4 inhibitors; avoid a second dose within 48 hours of moderate CYP3A4 inhibitors or potent P-gp inhibitors; avoid strong or moderate CYP3A inducers because efficacy may be lost (Nurtec ODT label).
• Atogepant: the label lowers the dose to 10 mg with strong CYP3A4 inhibitors, adjusts the dose with OATP inhibitors, and advises 60 mg for episodic migraine with CYP3A4 inducers; use with strong or moderate inducers is not recommended in chronic migraine (Qulipta label).
• Other blood-pressure-raising or vasoconstricting drugs: we did not find a formal interaction study; this is a reason to review the whole medicine list, including triptans and decongestants, with a prescriber. We found no regulator text on this point.

Who should avoid or be cautious

• Anyone with serious hypersensitivity to the drug or its excipients (contraindication on every US label we opened).
• People with hypertension, a history of constipation, Raynaud's or vascular disease: pivotal trials excluded recent heart attack, stroke, TIA, unstable angina and revascularisation, and Study 1 excluded poorly controlled hypertension. The EU text says no safety data exist in these patients (EMA). See also stroke and TIA.
• Pregnancy: the EU text says it is preferable to avoid Aimovig in pregnancy; the US label says there are no adequate data (EMA; Aimovig label). Rimegepant has a pregnancy registry (Nurtec ODT label). Migraine itself is linked to higher risk of pre-eclampsia and gestational hypertension, which the Aimovig label notes; see hypertension in pregnancy.
• Breastfeeding: it is unknown whether erenumab enters milk. The EU text says use could be considered only if clinically needed after the first few days (EMA).
• Kidney and liver disease (gepants): avoid rimegepant in end-stage kidney disease (CrCl below 15 mL/min) and severe hepatic impairment; atogepant needs a lower dose in severe renal impairment and is to be avoided in severe hepatic impairment (labels above).
• Children and teenagers: only fremanezumab (from 6 years, 45 kg or more) has a US paediatric migraine indication among the antibodies we checked.

Dosage and how to take them

These are label doses, not advice for any person.

• Erenumab: 70 mg subcutaneously once monthly; some patients may benefit from 140 mg once monthly (Aimovig label).
• Fremanezumab: 225 mg monthly or 675 mg every 3 months (three 225 mg injections) (Ajovy label).
• Galcanezumab: a 240 mg loading dose, then 120 mg monthly (Emgality label).
• Eptinezumab: 100 mg intravenous infusion every 3 months over about 30 minutes; some patients may benefit from 300 mg (Vyepti label).
• Rimegepant: for prevention, 75 mg every other day (Nurtec ODT label).
• Atogepant: once daily; 10, 30 or 60 mg for episodic migraine and 60 mg for chronic migraine (Qulipta label).

The antibodies are biological medicines; the EU text asks that the product name and batch number be recorded.

Follow the money: who makes them and who funded the evidence

Who makes and sells them

• Aimovig (erenumab): developed under a collaboration between Amgen and Novartis formed in August 2015. In April 2017 they agreed to co-commercialise it in the US, with Novartis holding rights in Europe, Canada and the rest of the world (Amgen, 2018). The US application sponsor is Amgen, approved 17 May 2018 (Drugs@FDA). The label gives Amgen's address as Thousand Oaks, California (Aimovig label), and the EU authorisation holder is Novartis Europharm in Dublin (EMA).
• Ajovy (fremanezumab): Teva Pharmaceuticals USA, North Wales, Pennsylvania, on the US label (Ajovy label).
• Emgality (galcanezumab): Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis (Emgality label).
• Vyepti (eptinezumab): Lundbeck Seattle BioPharmaceuticals, Bothell, Washington, with Lundbeck Pharmaceuticals LLC as labeller (Vyepti label). The PROMISE-2 paper lists authors from both Alder BioPharmaceuticals and Lundbeck Seattle (Lipton 2020). We did not verify the corporate transaction between the two.
• Qulipta (atogepant): AbbVie, North Chicago, Illinois (Qulipta label). The ADVANCE trial was funded by Allergan and ELEVATE by "Allergan (now AbbVie)" (ADVANCE; ELEVATE).
• Nurtec ODT (rimegepant): the preventive trial was funded by Biohaven, whose staff were authors (Croop 2021). The label now lists Pfizer Laboratories as packager (Nurtec ODT label). We did not verify the acquisition terms.

Cost per patient and manufacturer pricing (documented)

• Aimovig, US launch price: $575 per month, or $6,900 a year, for either dose, according to Amgen's own launch release (Amgen, 17 May 2018). This is a list price at launch and not what insurers, the NHS or patients pay now.
• Other brands: we could not open documented list prices for Ajovy, Emgality, Vyepti, Nurtec ODT or Qulipta, and we did not find NHS prices in sources we could open. We do not state numbers we have not seen.
• UK value modelling (independent): in chronic migraine, topiramate was the least costly and the only drug within typical thresholds. Botox against topiramate came to £68,000 per QALY, and eptinezumab 300 mg against Botox was beyond plausible thresholds (Mistry 2023). The 2024 report found the injected drugs "cost-effective" in some reviewed studies, but not better value than topiramate or Botox in its own model (Mistry 2024). These models use prices in force at the time and NHS confidential discounts may differ.
• Maker-run economics: an AbbVie-affiliated analysis put the cost per additional responder at $15,823 for atogepant and $73,029 for rimegepant, using an indirect comparison with different trials. It is a company analysis of its own drug (Ailani 2024).

Who funded the evidence

• STRIVE: funded by Amgen and Novartis; authors include Amgen biostatistics, health economics and development staff (Goadsby 2017).
• HER-MES: authors include Novartis employees, and one holds Novartis stock (Reuter 2022).
• EVOLVE-1: Eli Lilly funded it; four authors are Lilly employees and minority stockholders, and investigators were paid per patient enrolled (full text).
• HALO CM: funded by Teva Pharmaceuticals, with Teva authors (Silberstein 2017).
• PROMISE-2, ADVANCE, ELEVATE, rimegepant: funded by the respective manufacturers, as above.
• The independent layer: the NIHR Health Technology Assessment programme paid for the UK cost review; the safety and pharmacovigilance papers by Gérard, Giacon and the Leiden group report no targeted funding or no conflicts. Even so, many neurologists who run trials or write reviews declare consulting fees from several CGRP makers, so independence in this field is partial.
• What the regulators rely on: the efficacy statements on labels derive from the makers' trials, and FDA drug review is partly paid for by industry user fees (FDA).

Documented integrity events

The documented regulatory event for this class is the post-marketing safety update: US labels now carry hypertension, Raynaud's and (for the antibodies) constipation warnings that did not come out of the pivotal trials, and Amgen's own paper reports the post-marketing hypertension cases (Dodick 2021). We did not find, within the sources we could open, any FDA warning letter, recall, fraud finding or lawsuit specific to the CGRP products. Our web search allowance ran out before we could look for one, so absence in this article is not proof that none exists.

What this means: The case that CGRP drugs reduce migraine days rests on industry-funded trials that independent reviewers have re-analysed and broadly confirmed. The case that they are good value, or that they are safe for blood vessels over many years, rests on much thinner independent evidence. The safety signals most relevant to patients (blood pressure, Raynaud's, constipation) came to light mainly after launch, through regulators and academic safety groups rather than the original trials.

Related research

For wider, evidence-graded context, see these Pure City Research guides. We have no dedicated migraine page on the site at the time of writing; the first item below covers migraine as one of its uses.

• Amitriptyline: pain, migraine, IBS, risks and withdrawal
• Nortriptyline: depression, nerve pain, smoking and risks
• Propranolol: evidence, overdose risk and side effects
• Magnesium forms: absorption, benefits, doses and safety
• Raynaud phenomenon: causes, assessment and treatment limits
• Hypertension: measurement, treatment, safety and evidence funding
• Home blood pressure monitoring
• Blood pressure medicines
• Chronic constipation
• Stroke: emergency signs, types, treatment and recovery
• Hypertension in pregnancy and pre-eclampsia
• Semaglutide: weight loss, risks and money (another prescription-drug review that traces the money)

Frequently asked questions

Sources and funding notes

What we could not verify: (1) NICE and NHS prices; we read the recommendation sections of the other NICE appraisals cited but not their committee discussions. (2) NHS list prices and current US prices for any product; only Amgen's 2018 launch price was verified. (3) Funding statements for the Forbes, Haghdoost, Messina and Sorbara reviews, which were not shown in the records we opened. (4) The EU product information for brands other than Aimovig. (5) The corporate terms of the Pfizer and Biohaven link and of the Lundbeck and Alder link. (6) Any recall, warning letter or litigation specific to these products, because our search allowance ran out. (7) Funding breakdown for the EMA. (8) The paediatric and cluster-headache trials, and independent real-world effectiveness studies beyond the safety cohorts above.

1. Aimovig (erenumab-aooe) US prescribing information, DailyMed — regulator-approved label, revised 3/2025; manufacturer Amgen.
2. Ajovy (fremanezumab-vfrm) US label, DailyMed — regulator-approved label; Teva.
3. Emgality (galcanezumab-gnlm) US label, DailyMed — regulator-approved label; Eli Lilly.
4. Vyepti (eptinezumab-jjmr) US label, DailyMed — regulator-approved label; Lundbeck.
5. Nurtec ODT (rimegepant) US label, DailyMed — regulator-approved label; Pfizer as packager.
6. Qulipta (atogepant) US label, DailyMed — regulator-approved label; AbbVie.
7. Aimovig EU product information (EMA) — EU regulator; marketing authorisation holder Novartis Europharm.
8. Aimovig EPAR page (EMA) — EU regulator.
9. Drugs@FDA, BLA 761077 (Aimovig) — US FDA database; sponsor Amgen.
10. FDA prescription drug user fee page — US government; describes industry fees.
11. Mistry et al., Health Technol Assess 2024 — systematic review with economic modelling; funded by NIHR HTA programme.
12. Mistry et al., J Headache Pain 2023 — cost-effectiveness analysis; NIHR HTA grant; some authors declare CGRP-maker consulting and NICE/SMC advice.
13. Forbes et al., Headache 2020 — meta-analysis; funding not stated in record; all included trials industry funded.
14. Haghdoost et al., Cephalalgia 2023 — network meta-analysis; funding not shown in record.
15. Messina et al., Cephalalgia 2023 — safety network meta-analysis; funding not shown in record.
16. Hoehne et al., J Headache Pain 2026 — long-term safety meta-analysis; no support declared; authors declare industry fees.
17. de Vries Lentsch et al., Neurology 2022 — prospective cohort; no targeted funding.
18. Gérard et al., J Headache Pain 2022 — WHO VigiBase analysis; no funding declared.
19. Giacon and Terrazzino, Headache 2026 — systematic review of pharmacovigilance studies; no conflicts declared.
20. Sorbara et al., BioDrugs 2024 — EudraVigilance analysis; funding not shown in record.
21. Eller et al., Neurology 2025 — narrative review of vascular safety; no relevant disclosures.
22. Dodick et al., Headache 2021 — erenumab hypertension analysis; funded by Amgen (full text).
23. Goadsby et al., NEJM 2017 (STRIVE) — funded by Amgen and Novartis.
24. Reuter et al., Cephalalgia 2022 (HER-MES) — Novartis-run; authors include employees.
25. Stauffer et al., JAMA Neurol 2018 (EVOLVE-1) — funded by Eli Lilly (full text).
26. Silberstein et al., NEJM 2017 (HALO CM) — funded by Teva.
27. Lipton et al., Neurology 2020 (PROMISE-2) — authors from Alder and Lundbeck Seattle; manufacturer-run (funder line not shown in the record we opened).
28. Ailani et al., NEJM 2021 (ADVANCE) — funded by Allergan.
29. Tassorelli et al., Lancet Neurol 2024 (ELEVATE) — funded by Allergan (now AbbVie).
30. Croop et al., Lancet 2021 (rimegepant prevention) — funded by Biohaven.
31. Ailani et al., Headache 2024 — cost per responder; AbbVie-affiliated and funded.
32. Amgen press release, 17 May 2018 — manufacturer; launch price and collaboration with Novartis.
33. NICE TA682: Erenumab for preventing migraine (2021) — NICE, England; recommendations section read.
34. NICE TA659: Galcanezumab for preventing migraine (2020) — NICE, England; recommendations section read.
35. NICE TA764: Fremanezumab for preventing migraine (2022) — NICE, England; recommendations section read.
36. NICE TA871: Eptinezumab for preventing migraine (2023) — NICE, England; recommendations section read.
37. NICE TA906: Rimegepant for preventing migraine (2023) — NICE, England; recommendations section read.
38. NICE TA919: Rimegepant for treating migraine (2023) — NICE, England; recommendations section read.
39. NICE TA973: Atogepant for preventing migraine (2024) — NICE, England; recommendations section read.
40. BMJ news 2023: NICE recommends rimegepant for treating acute migraine — BMJ; headline only.

Educational research reviewed 6 October 2026. This article is not medical advice; talk to a qualified clinician or pharmacist before starting, stopping or combining treatments.